The pediatric residency program at Rush University offers outstanding training in pediatrics, preparing graduates to successfully practice in primary care, begin a hospitalist career or obtain a competitive fellowship.

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Positron emission tomography (PET) is increasingly considered as an effective imaging method to support several stages of radiation therapy. The combined usage of functional and morphological imaging in state‐of‐the‐art PET/CT scanners is rapidly emerging to support the treatment planning process in terms of improved tumor delineation, and to assess the tumor response in follow‐up investigations after or even during the course of fractionated therapy.

Moreover, active research is being pursued on new tracers capable of providing different insights into tumor function, in order to identify areas of the planning volume which may require additional dosage for improved probability of tumor control. In this respect, major progresses in the next years will likely concern the development and clinical investigation of novel tracers and image processing techniques for reliable thresholding and segmentation, of treatment planning and beam delivery approaches integrating the PET imaging information, as well as improved multimodal clinical instrumentation such as PET/MR. But especially in the rapidly emerging case of ion beam therapy, the usage of PET is not only limited to the imaging of external tracers injected to the patient. In fact, a minor amount of positron emitters is formed in nuclear fragmentation reactions between the impinging ions and the tissue, bearing useful information for confirmation of the delivered treatment during or after therapeutic irradiation. Different implementations of unconventional PET imaging for therapy monitoring are currently being investigated clinically, and major ongoing research aims at new dedicated detector technologies and at challenging applications such as real‐time imaging and time‐resolved in vivo verification of motion compensated beam delivery. This paper provides an overview of the different areas of application of PET in radiation oncology and discusses the most promising perspectives in the years to come for radiation therapy planning, delivery, and monitoring. INTRODUCTION Positron emission tomography (PET) visualizes β +‐radioactivity either injected to the patient or produced as a by‐product of therapeutic treatment with energetic photon and ion beams.

The imaging process relies on the coincident detection of opposed pairs of 511 keV gamma rays, following nuclear β +‐decay and annihilation of the emitted positron with an atomic electron. The spatial distribution of the imaged source is recovered by tomographic reconstruction, including proper corrections of the acquired emission data, e.g., for photon attenuation and scattering.